criticism of ethan kohlberg’s view on the distortion of the quran

ethan kohlberg, the jewish orientalist and specialist on shi‘a, sees the distortion in holy scriptures, including quran, inevitable. from his point of view, some quranic verses confirm this point. his second proof is the history of the quran and the time when its whole text was written down. in his viewpoint,   hadiths which prove that the quran had been written down in abu bakr’s time ore oriented to escape from the problem of distortion of the quran. relying on   hadiths and semantic ambiguity of some quranic terms, kleberg has tried to prove later collection and, therefore, distortion of the quran. he maintains that up to the buyad era, the twelver shi‘a believed in distortion of the quran. presenting and criticizing the aforementioned ideas, the present research intends to prove that the quran is safeguarded from distortion.